Ingrid Kubyk
tutorial on "Introduction to the History of the KSA", WAS 2005/06
_________________________________________________________________________
Emile Durkheim
· What specifics of his work to make Durkheim an important influence on the anthropological donor (or social-scientific) theory of the 20th Century. ?
· What are the Neurungen in Durkheim's thinking, the future directions of research inspired?
_________________________________________________________________________
first Introduction
Durkheim lived from 1888 to 1917 and is due to its preoccupation with social phenomena as well as one of the "fathers" of modern sociology and modern anthropology. By subsequent generations, his "family" and real development of anthropology in the 20th Century. contributed. Marcel Mauss (1872-1950) was Durkheim's nephew, Claude Levi Strauss (born 1908) of Nephew of Marcel Mauss.
side of anthropology and sociology, Durkheim's thinking also influenced a number of other sciences (eg education, systems theory) and actual policy implementation models (eg Kemak Ataturk's reforms in Turkey).
Durkheim Renowned as "armchair anthropologist", that he never even operational field research. The impetus for some of his ideas and theories but also gave political conditions and events in France (3rd Republic, the Dreyfus affair), his home country.
Durkheim's major works are:
• via the division of social work (1893, dissertation)
· Rules of Sociological Methods (1895)
· about the suicide (1897)
· Primitive Classification (with Marcel Mauss 1903)
· Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912)
Since 1898, the "L'Année sociologique, The first social science journals in France, which soon gained great influence. Contributions of different scientists in these volumes were published (also by philosophers, lawyers, economists, etc.), the essential foundations for future theoretical and empirical work represented. This was published in 1903 for the first time, "Primitive Classification" as attachment.
Durkheim's central idea:
For Durkheim, focusing on social relations and the connection between the individual and society in the foreground. The company is seen as an interconnected structure. Specific to the Company, after Durkheim, then of course when you can analyze the relationship in terms of their meanings in and for the society [ 1] []. So that social facts are for use by other social facts explain [ [2] ]. The individual is primarily by Durkheim as a product of society, if understood with great autonomy. Durkheim has never given up the idea of any society must be analyzed as an association of specific social groups can [ 3] [].
second Individual works
2.1. over the division of social work
Key elements of this work is that social harmony is essentially determined by the division of labor. Division of labor is found in some form in all cultures (eg between young and old, men and women who own and a foreign company). Durkheim's main interest lies in the question of how the division of labor affects the interaction between individuals.
By increasing Division of labor as part of larger heterogeneity in the course of evolution results in separate groups with different values, interests and standards. For Durkheim, the division of labor is not a disintegration of society, but requires a special form of solidarity as the basis of the cohesion of a society:
· organic solidarity societies identifies with the division of labor in which the people depend for survival on each other. Solidarity is here to maintain the cohesion of society when there are clashes and conflicts must also be held.
• In the contrast, describes the concept of Mechanical Solidarity the cohesion of a society based on other values such as religion. This solidarity exists in societies with functionally equivalent groups. Ie even if a group no longer exists, the consequences for the survival of the company are no consequences.
over the division of social work, "Durkheim's major work in terms of" functionalism. "
2.2. on suicide Durkheim
This work lays the foundation for the empirical tradition of modern sociology. Using specific suicide rates in different social groups (Catholics-Protestants, urban / rural, old-young, married and unmarried) and different countries, made the connection between the individual act of suicide and social factors. These results demonstrate that individual decisions, even those who themselves commit suicide, have in effect a social basis.
anomie is the collective term for situations in which there is uncertainty due to the lack of social rules. This also leads to social crises, the experience of inequality as legitimate and not bureaucracy (highly specialized, low production, poor mutual consent).
This work laid the foundation for Durkheim's empirical Tradition of modern sociology.
2.3. Rules of Sociological Methods
Durkheim believed in the existence of logical connections between (philosophical) ideas, but must be checked. Empirical research is needed to conduct this review.
2.4. Primitive Classification
This work takes elements anticipated to be in the "Elementary Forms" contains a detailed [ [4] ].
In this paper made an attempt to explain how classified the human mind. From different data sources (Australia, U.S., China, ancient Greece), is derived from that classification societies and nature are closely related, but also a connection between "primitive" and scientific thinking (similar elements in the developed culture of China and that of the aborigines). Nevertheless, the thought is a "social product", which also means that different companies produce different types of thinking [ 5] [].
This work had implications for all theories that relate to the psychic unity of mankind (evolutionism, structuralism).
2.5. Elementary Forms of the Religious Life
Although he had turned in his youth by the (Jewish) religion, the religion later became his main field of interest.
Durkheim distinguished between the "Saints" and "profane." The "Saint" is considered equivalent to the Durkheim of social identity. Religion is the epitome of a value system that has designed the human mind. For Durkheim, religion comes from the company (in contrast to Tylor and Frazer, the rituals derived from a form of worship). Every society has its more or less clearly identifiable authority, of which ideologies, including of religion, are used to enforce their value system to the individual.
Durkheim derived in this work also establishes the creation of religions and favors the totemism as a primitive form. Totems represent the division of society analogous to that of nature.
worship is obscured by religious symbols that represent the company in the abstract. Religion has to Durkheim four characteristics to the above-described social function to [ [6] ].
· Religion exerts a force through the threat of sanctions.
· Religion is general, that it brings and keeps different individuals together.
· Religion is traditional, that is, it exists for the individual and will exist even after his death.
· Religion is for single individuals "external" and can exert influence especially well.
The relationship between religion and society are as follows:
· faith and religious practices are an expression of collective values, including norms and symbols, and thus they form a collective representation dar.
• For the collective representations it requires special occasions. These are known as rituals.
· "visible" represents social groups and is of importance to the rituals [ [7] ]. The relationship between ritual, the symbolic value of the "visible" and the solidarity of the social group is important. • By
rituals, the company is honored to be by a "cosmological order" is constructed over the social order. It is also converted by rituals social knowledge in power over individuals. - That Durkheim made the ritual of the faith.
religion is part of the mechanical solidarity and, in less important, religion is also related to the organic solidarity [ [8] ].
In this sense, the "value " a social construct. People want things, therefore, not only because they are useful for itself, but also because they force collective representations. It follows that collective ideas are handed down in everyday life and rituals through [ [9] ].
Durkheim's studies of religion set in the context of his work, those with the greatest respect to anthropology dar.
third To Durkheim's importance to the KSA
Durkheim's works had great influence on the theory in the 20th century. that went far beyond the direct influence on his nephew M. Mauss. Interestingly enough, his influence first manifested mainly in the British and American anthropology, while France struggled in the first half of 20.Jhdts extreme institutional weaknesses. This will depend inter alia, with the two world wars that were fought on French territory, together [ [10] ].
· Durkheim is considered the "father" of functionalism in Europe (impact on Radcliffe-Brown, in particular it Durkheim's theories on the social relations employed) and the American cultural relativism (Boas [ 11] []), later [[ 12] ] also of structuralism in Europe (Levi-Strauss).
• The issues raised by Durkheim topics were as a result, significant influence on the theories of anthropologists of the following generations: ° eg about religion and rituals on Geertz and Leach, for example, about Totem and about solidarity at Levi-Strauss
then built the (post -) functional research of the 50s to late 70s (Firth. Lewis, Goody, Gellner) on the model of the segmented society of Durkheim (and Evans-Pritchard) on.
Durkheim was one of the first to anthropological phenomena in a total social context, and saw it recognized the importance of mutual dependencies and influences how they still influenced anthropological thinking.
References:
[1] Mader, Elke, Seiser, Gertraud: Theoretical Foundations of economic anthropology, learning aid for VO "Introduction to economic anthropology" in the WAS 05/06, p. 29
[2] Parkin, Robert: The French Speaking Countries, in: Barth, Frederic, including: One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French and American anthropology, Chicago 2005, p.179
[3] Poper, Karl R. The Open Society and Its Enemies, vol.1, 6.Aufl, Munich, 1980 (1957), p.. 236
[4] Barnard, Alan: History and Theory in Anthropology, Cambridge 2000, p.64
[5] Eriksen, Thomas Hylland: Small Issues, Small Places, 2 An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology, ed London 2001 (1999), p. 231
[6] Parkin, ibid, p.175
[7] Barnard, ibid, p.75
[8] http://durkheim.itgo.com , Murray State University of Kentucky, downloaded at 6:11:05
[9] Mader, ibid, p. 31
[10] Gingrich, Andre: exploration, themes of anthropological research, Vienna, 1999, p.187
[11] Kuper, Adam Anthropology and anthropoligists, the modern British school; 3 Edition, London 1997 (1993), p.49
[12] Gingrich, ibid, p.178 and p.200
Vienna, 15.11.05/IK
